2. A brief history of oil.
3. Early oil spills: from the Torrey Canyon to the mid-1980s.
4. Modern oil spills: from the Exxon Valdez to the present.
5. Oil spills in an environmental context.
6. Initial responses to oil spills.
7. Cleanup, rehabilitation, and damage assessment.
8. Effects on vegetation.
9. Effects on invertebrates and fish.
11. Effects on mammals and sea turtles.
