U.S. military service: a reference handbook

BACKGROUND AND HISTORY Military Basics The Services History and Controversy The Debate in the Founding The Articles of Confederation versus the Constitution More Recent Debate on Military Service Societal Effects of Military Service Talking Past Each Other Contemporary World Issues on National Military Service References PROBLEMS, CONTROVERSIES AND SOLUTIONS Obligatory versus Voluntary Service Can Something Else Be Substituted for National Service? What Is the Acceptable Role of Conscientious Objecting? Should Women Be Allowed to Participate in National Service? Should National Service Expedite an Immigrantʼs Citizenship? Does the United States Desire a Military for National Service That Is De Facto Separated from the Rest of Society? Does a Voluntary Force Rely Disproportionately on Minorities? Is National Service a Valid Manner for Furthering Social Causes? How Do the Reserve and the National Guard Relate to the Active-Duty Force? Can Active and Reserve Components Mesh? Does the Sexual Orientation of Some Military Personnel Affect Overall Unit Effectiveness and Cohesion? What is the Relationship between Sexual Orientation and the Military? What Is the Power of the Federal Government over State Militias? Who Should Decide Where Soldiers Are Sent? Should the armed forces be used as peacekeepers or as warfighters? Is Military Service a Different Caste from the Rest of Society?

Should National Service Be Replaced by Private Firms? What Is the Minimum Age for National Service? Is It Worth Using National Service Humanitarian Intervention? Does Having a National Military Make a State More Likely to Use It? Does Evangelicalism Have an Effect on National Service? References WORLD PERSPECTIVE Standing Military Forces Professional Service versus the Citizen-Soldier National Service Obligation No Standing National Military Obligations States Lacking Conscription Mandatory Participation in Military Service Problems in Other Societies Arising from Military Service Gender Questions Conscientious Objectors and Draft Evasion in non-U.S. National Military Service References CHRONOLOGY OF MILITARY SERVICE References

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES James Bowdoin James Burgh George Walker Bush James (Jimmy) Earl Carter, Jr. Grenville Clark George Clinton William Jefferson Clinton William Duane Felix Edward Hébert Charles H. Fahy Horatio Gates Thomas Gates Truman Kella Gibson, Jr. Alexander Hamilton James Harrington Thomas Jefferson Richard Keene Henry Knox Richard H. Kohn James Madison Charles Moskos Richard Milhous Nixon James Otis John McCauley Palmer Franklin Delano Roosevelt Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy Donald Rumsfeld Isaac Newton "Ike" Skelton IV Friedrich Wilhelm Augustus von Steuben John Trenchard Emory Upton George Washington Leonard Wood

MAJOR U.S. MILITARY SERVICE DOCUMENTS George Washington, Sentiments on a Peace Establishment Alexander Hamilton, Report of a Committee to the Continental Congress on a Military Peace Establishment Frederick Steuben, A Letter on the Subject of an Established Militia, and Military Arrangements, Addressed to the Inhabitants of the United States Letter, George Washington to Frederick Steuben Resolution of the Continental Congress Creating the Peace Establishment Resolution of the Continental Congress Ascertaining the Powers and Duties of the Secretary at War Resolutions of the Continental Congress Renewing the Peace Establishment Resolution of the Continental Congress Expanding the Peace Establishment A Plan for the General Arrangement of the Militia of the United States Constitution of the United States Militia Act of 1792 James Madisonʼs State of the Union address (excerpt) Militia Act of 1862 Posse Comitatus The Dick Act National Defense Act Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 National Security Act of 1947 Harry S Trumanʼs Presidential Directive to Desegregate the Military The War Powers Act of 1973 Goldwater-Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1986 President William J. Clintonʼs Remarks at the National Defense University, Announcing the New Policy on Gays and Lesbians in the Military Secretary Rumsfeldʼs Interview with Juan Williams of NPR DIRECTORY OF ORGANIZATIONS International Organizations Not-for-Profit in the United States For-profit Research Institutions U.S. Government

SELECTED PRINT AND NONPRINT SOURCES

Articles and Chapters

Edited Books and Monographs

Opinion Pieces

FFRDC Research Studies

Online Resources

Blogs

Broadcast Resources

Radio

National Public Radio Programs

Pacifica Radio

Television

Other Television Broadcasts

U.S. Government Publications

Testimony

Films and Television

Service Web Sites

Other Web Sites

Glossary.