Anthem: social movements and the sound of solidarity in the African diaspora

Introduction. Anthem : toward a sound franchise

From race to nation : "Ethiopia" and pan-African pageantry in the UNIA

Extending diaspora : the NAACP and up-"lift" cultures in the interwar Black Pacific

Songs of free men : the sound migrations of "Ol' man river"

Women's work : "We shall overcome" and the culture of the picket line

Soul intact : CORE, conversions, and covers of "To be young, gifted and Black"

Sounds of exile : "Nkosi sikelel' iAfrika" and ANC ambassadors

Conclusion. The last anthem : resonance, legacy, and loss at the close of the century.