Planetary sciences

Preface to the first edition

Preface to the second edition

Preface to the updated second edition (2015)

1.1. Inventory of the solar system

1.1.1. Giant planets

1.1.2. Terrestrial planets

1.1.3. Minor planets and comets

1.1.4. Satellite and ring systems

1.1.5. Tabulations

1.1.6. Heliosphere

1.2. Planetary properties

1.2.1. Orbit

1.2.2. Mass

1.2.3. Size

1.2.4. Rotation

1.2.5. Shape

1.2.6. Temperature

1.2.7. Magnetic field

1.2.8. Surface composition

1.2.9. Surface structure

1.2.10. Atmosphere

1.2.11. Interior

1.3. Stellar properties and lifetimes

1.4. Formation of the solar system

2.1. The two-body problem

2.1.1. Kepler's laws of planetary motion

2.1.2. Newton's laws of motion, gravity

2.1.3. Orbital elements

2.1.4. Bound and unbound orbits

2.1.5. Interplanetary spacecraft

2.1.6. Gravitational potential.

2.2. The three-body problem

2.2.1. Jacobi constant, Lagrangian points

2.2.2. Horseshoe and tadpole orbits

2.2.3. Hill sphere

2.2.4. Distant planetary satellites and quasi-satellites

2.3. Perturbations and resonances

2.3.1. Regular and chaotic motion

2.3.2. Resonances

2.3.3. The resonance overlap criterion and Jacobi[]Hill stability

2.4. Stability of the solar system

2.4.1. Secular perturbation theory

2.4.2. Chaos and planetary motions

2.4.3. Survival lifetimes of small bodies

2.5. Orbits about an oblate planet

2.5.1. Gravitational potential

2.5.2. Precession of particle orbits

2.5.3. Torques upon an oblate planet

2.6. Tides

2.6.1. The tidal force and tidal bulges

2.6.2. Tidal torque

2.6.3. Tidal heating

2.7. Dissipative forces and the orbits of small bodies

2.7.1. Radiation pressure (micrometer grains)

2.7.2. Poynting[]Robertson Drag (small macroscopic particles)

2.7.3. Yarkovsky effect (meter[]ten-kilometer objects)

2.7.4. YORP torques (Rotation of asymmetric bodies).

2.7.5. Corpuscular drag (submicrometer dust)

2.7.6. Gas drag

2.8. Orbits about a mass-losing star

3.1. Energy balance and temperature

3.1.1. Thermal (blackbody) radiation

3.1.2. Temperature

3.2. Energy transport

3.2.1. Conduction

3.2.2. Convection

3.2.3. Radiation

3.3. Atmosphere in radiative equilibrium

3.3.1. Thermal profile

3.3.2. Greenhouse effect

3.4. Radiative transfer in a surface

4.1. Density and scale height

4.2. Thermal structure

4.2.1. Sources and transport of energy

4.2.2. Observations of thermal profiles

4.3. Atmospheric composition

4.3.1. Spectra

4.3.2. Line profiles

4.3.3. Observations

4.4. Clouds

4.4.1. Wet adiabatic lapse rate

4.4.2. Clouds on Earth

4.4.3. Clouds on other planets

4.5. Meteorology

4.5.1. Winds forced by solar heating

4.5.2. Wind equations

4.5.3. Horizontal winds

4.5.4. Storms

4.5.5. Observations: Bodies with surfaces

4.5.6. Observations: Giant planets.

4.6. Photochemistry

4.6.1. Photolysis and recombination

4.6.2. Photoionization: Ionospheres

4.6.3. Electric currents

4.6.4. Airglow and Aurora

4.7. Molecular and eddy diffusion

4.7.1. Diffusion

4.7.2. Eddy diffusion coefficient

4.8. Atmospheric escape

4.8.1. Thermal (Jeans) escape

4.8.2. Nonthermal escape

4.8.3. Blowoff and Impact erosion

4.9. History of secondary atmospheres

4.9.1. Formation

4.9.2. Climate evolution

4.9.3. Summary

5.1. Mineralogy and petrology

5.1.1. Minerals

5.1.2. Rocks

5.2. Cooling of a magma

5.2.1. Phases of the magma

5.2.2. Crystallization and differentiation

5.3. Surface morphology

5.3.1. Gravity and rotation

5.3.2. Tectonics

5.3.3. Volcanism

5.3.4. Atmospheric effects on landscape

5.4. Impact cratering

5.4.1. Crater morphology

5.4.2. Crater formation

5.4.3. Impact modification by atmospheres

5.4.4. Spatial density of craters

5.4.5. Comet SL9 Impacts Jupiter.

5.4.6. Mass extinctions

5.5. Surface geology of Individual bodies

5.5.1. Moon

5.5.2. Mercury

5.5.3. Venus

5.5.4. Mars

5.5.5. Satellites of Jupiter

5.5.6. Satellites of Saturn

5.5.7. Satellites of Uranus

5.5.8. Satellites of Neptune

6.1. Modeling planetary Interiors

6.1.1. Hydrostatic equilibrium

6.1.2. Constituent relations

6.1.3. Equation of state

6.1.4. Gravity field

6.1.5. Internal heat: sources and losses

6.2. Interior structure of the Earth

6.2.1. Seismology

6.2.2. Density profile

6.3. Interiors of other solid bodies

6.3.1. Moon

6.3.2. Mercury

6.3.3. Venus

6.3.4. Mars

6.3.5. Satellites of giant planets

6.4. Interior structure of the giant planets

6.4.1. Modeling the giant planets

6.4.2. Jupiter and Saturn

6.4.3. Uranus and Neptune

7.1. The Interplanetary medium

7.1.1. Solar wind

7.1.2. Modeling the solar wind

7.1.3. Maxwell's equations.

7.1.4. Solar wind[]Planet Interactions

7.2. Magnetic field configuration

7.2.1. Dipole magnetic field

7.2.2. Multipole expansion

7.3. Particle motions in magnetospheres

7.3.1. Adiabatic Invariants

7.3.2. Drift motions in a magnetosphere

7.3.3. Electric fields

7.3.4. Particle sources and sinks

7.3.5. Particle diffusion

7.4. Magnetospheric wave phenomena

7.4.1. General wave theory

7.4.2. MHD, plasma, and radio waves

7.4.3. Radio emissions

7.5. Magnetospheres of Individual bodies

7.5.1. Earth

7.5.2. Mercury

7.5.3. Venus, Mars, the Moon

7.5.4. Jupiter

7.5.5. Saturn

7.5.6. Uranus and Neptune

7.6. Generation of magnetic fields

7.6.1. Magnetic dynamo theory

7.6.2. Variability in magnetic fields

8.1. Basic classification and fall statistics

8.2. Source regions

8.3. Fall phenomena

8.4. Chemical and Isotopic fractionation

8.4.1. Chemical separation

8.4.2. Isotopic fractionation

8.5. Main components of chondrites.

8.6. Radiometric dating

8.6.1. Radioactive decay

8.6.2. Dating rocks

8.6.3. Extinct-nuclide dating

8.6.4. Time from final nucleosynthesis to condensation

8.6.5. Cosmic-ray exposure ages

8.7. Meteorite clues to planet formation

8.7.1. Meteorites from differentiated bodies

8.7.2. Primitive meteorites

8.7.3. Chondrule and CAI formation

8.8. Perspectives

9.1. Orbits

9.1.1. Asteroids

9.1.2. Trans-Neptunian objects, centaurs

9.2. Determination of physical properties

9.2.1. Radius and albedo

9.2.2. Shape

9.2.3. Regolith

9.3. Bulk composition and taxonomy

9.3.1. Asteroid taxonomy

9.3.2. Space weathering

9.3.3. Taxometric spatial distribution

9.3.4. TNO spectroscopy

9.4. Size distribution and collisions

9.4.1. Size distribution

9.4.2. Collisions and families

9.4.3. Collisions and rubble piles

9.4.4. Binary and multiple systems

9.4.5. Mass and density

9.4.6. Rotation

9.4.7. Interplanetary dust

9.5. Individual minor planets.

9.6. Origin and evolution of minor planets

10.1. Nomenclature

10.2. Orbits and reservoirs

10.2.1. Nongravitational forces

10.2.2. Oort cloud

10.2.3. Kuiper Belt

10.2.4. Orbits of comets and asteroids

10.3. Coma and tail formation

10.3.1. Brightness

10.3.2. Gas production rate

10.3.3. Outflow of gas

10.3.4. Ultimate fate of coma gas

10.3.5. Dust entrainment

10.3.6. Particle size distribution

10.3.7. Morphology of dust tails

10.4. Composition

10.4.1. Haser model

10.4.2. Excitation and emission

10.4.3. Composition of the gas

10.4.4. Dust composition

10.5. Magnetosphere

10.5.1. Morphology

10.5.2. Plasma tail

10.5.3. X-ray emissions

10.6. Nucleus

10.6.1. Size, shape, and rotation

10.6.2. Processing far from the Sun

10.6.3. Sublimation of Ices

10.6.4. Splitting and disruption

10.6.5. Structure of the nucleus

10.7. Comet formation

10.7.1. Constraints from chemistry

10.7.2. Dynamical constraints

11.1. Tidal forces and Roche's limit

11.2. Flattening and spreading of rings

11.3. Observations

11.3.1. Jupiter's rings

11.3.2. Saturn's rings

11.3.3. Uranus's rings

11.3.4. Neptune's rings

11.4. Ring[]Moon Interactions

11.4.1. Resonances

11.4.2. Spiral waves

11.4.3. Shepherding

11.4.4. Longitudinal confinement

11.5. Physics of dust rings

11.5.1. Radiation forces

11.5.2. Charged grains

11.5.3. Spokes in Saturn's rings

11.6. Meteoroid bombardment of rings

11.6.1. Accretion of Interplanetary debris

11.6.2. Ballistic transport

11.6.3. Mass supplied by satellite ejecta

11.7. Origins of planetary rings

11.8. Summary

12.1. Physics and sizes of planets, brown dwarfs, and low-mass stars

12.2. Detecting extrasolar planets

12.2.1. Timing pulsars and pulsating stars

12.2.2. Radial velocity

12.2.3. Astrometry

12.2.4. Transit photometry

12.2.5. Transit timing variations

12.2.6. Microlensing

12.2.7. Imaging

12.2.8. Other techniques

12.2.9. Explanet Charcterization

12.3

Observations of extrasolar planets

12.3.1. Pulsar planets

12.3.2. Radial velocity detections

12.3.3. Transiting planets

12.3.4. Planets orbiting pulsating stars

12.3.5. Microlensing detections

12.3.6. Multiple planet systems

12.4. Exoplanet statistics

12.5 Planets and life

12.6. SETI

12.7. Conclusions

13.2. Nucleosynthesis: A concise summary

13.2.1. Primordial nucleosynthesis

13.2.2. Stellar nucleosynthesis

13.3. Star formation: A brief overview

13.3.1. Molecular cloud cores

13.3.2. Collapse of molecular cloud cores

13.3.3. Observations of star formation

13.3.4. Observations of circumstellar disks

13.4. Evolution of the protoplanetary disk

13.4.1. Infall stage

13.4.2. Disk dynamical evolution

13.4.3. Chemistry in the disk

13.4.4. Clearing stage

13.5. Growth of solid bodies

13.5.1. Timescale constraints

13.5.2. Planetesimal formation

13.5.3. From planetesimals to planetary embryos

13.6. Formation of the terrestrial planets

13.6.1. Dynamics of the final stages of planetary accumulation

13.6.2. Accretion! heating and planetary differentiation.

13.6.3. Accumulation (and loss) of atmospheric volatiles

13.7. Formation of the giant planets

13.7.1. Disk Instability hypothesis

13.7.2. Core nucleated accretion

13.8. Planetary migration

13.8.1. Torques from protoplanetary disks

13.8.2. Scattering of planetesimals

13.9. Small bodies orbiting the Sun

13.9.1. Asteroid belt

13.9.2. Comet reservoirs

13.10. Planetary rotation

13.11. Satellites of planets and minor planets

13.11.1. Giant planet satellites

13.11.2. Formation of the Moon

13.11.3. Satellites of small bodies

13.12. Exoplanet formation models

13.13. Confronting theory with observations

13.13.1. Solar system's dynamical state

13.13.2. Composition of planetary bodies

13.13.3. Extrasolar planets

13.13.4. Conclusions.