The aging skeleton

General Aspects and Models of Aging

Aging through the ages / D. Nelson

Aging in the human species / S. Sherman

Aging and calcium balance / R.P. Heaney

Whole animal models of aging / D.N. Kalu

Humans / L. Lipson

Cellular models / J. Glowacki

Determinants of Peak Bone Mass; Maintenance of Peak Bone Mass

Genetics / E. Seeman

Nutritional / T. Lloyd

Environmental/Mechanical / M. van der Meulen and D. Carter

Hormonal Influences on the Establishment of Peak Bone Mass

Racial / N.H. Bell

Determinants of maintenance of bone mass / D.T. Baran

Mechanisms of Age-Related Bone Loss

Cellular / P. Robey

Sex steroids / M. Leboff and J. Glowacki

Parathyroid hormone / S.J. Silverberg and J.P. Bilezikian

Vitamin D / F.M. Gloth

Cytokines / M. Horowitz and L. Raisz

Growth hormone/IGFs / S. Mohan

Other factors / P.H. Stern and P. Lakatos

Nutritional / J. Anderson

Constraints of experimental paradigms used to model the aging skeleton / C.T. Rubin and J. Rubin

Quantifiable Manifestations of Age-Related Bone Loss

Racial/ethnic influences on bone loss / M.L. Villa and D. Nelson Racial/Ethnic Influences on Bone Loss

Histomorphometric / J. Compston

Densitometric / C. Mautalen

Biochemical dynamics / C. Gundberg, S. Robins and M. Seibel

Biomechanical measurements / D. Burr and C.H. Turner

Fractures : A Consequence of the Aging Skeleton

Applications of biomechanics to the aging skeleton / M.L. Bouxsein

What is a fragility fracture? / R.D. Wasnich

Epidemiology/economics of osteoporotic fractures / P.D. Ross

Sites of fracture ; sine, hip, colles, other / M. Nevitt

The aging maxillo-facial skeleton / M. August, L. Kaban

Effects on the quality of life / D. Gold

General orthopedics principles / T. Einhorn and Moffett

Nutritional and supportive / R. Rizzoli

Analgesic management / P. Leong

Therapeutics

Complications of prosthetic replacements / T. Thornhill and M. Winemaker

The shape and size of an osteoporotic woman / M. Sinaki

Prevention of falls / D.P. Kiel

Physical activity / R. Marcus and B. Beck

Calcium / R.L. Prince

Estrogen / R. Lindsay and F. Cosman

SERMS / E.S. Siris and D. Schussheim

Androgens / E.S. Orwoll

Biphosphonates / S. Papapoulos

Calcitonin / C. Waud and J. Stock

Parathyroid hormone / A.B. Hodsman

Growth hormone IGF-1 / C.J. Rosen

Fluoride / D. Baylink

Vitamin D / M. Favus.