Green chemistry: an introductory text

Chapter 1. Principles and Concepts of Green Chemistry

1.1. Introduction

1.2. Sustainable Development and Green Chemistry

1.2.1. Green Engineering

1.3. Atom Economy

1.4. Atom Economic Reactions

1.4.1. Rearrangement Reactions

1.4.2. Addition Reactions

1.5. Atom Un-economic Reactions

1.5.1. Substitution Reactions

1.5.2. Elimination Reactions

1.5.3. Wittig Reactions

1.6. Reducing Toxicity

1.6.1. Measuring Toxicity

Review Questions

Further Reading

Chapter 2. Waste: Production, Problems, and Prevention

2.1. Introduction

2.2. Some Problems Caused by Waste

2.3. Sources of Waste from the Chemical Industry

2.4. Cost of Waste

2.5. Waste Minimization Techniques

2.5.1. The Team Approach to Waste Minimization

2.5.2. Process Design for Waste Minimization

2.5.3. Minimizing Waste from Existing Processes

2.6. On-site Waste Treatment

2.6.1. Physical Treatment

2.6.2. Chemical Treatment

2.6.3. Biotreatment Plants

2.7. Design for Degradation

2.7.1. Degradation and Surfactants

2.7.2. DDT

2.7.3. Polymers

2.7.4. Some Rules for Degradation

2.8. Polymer Recycling

2.8.1. Separation and Sorting

2.8.2. Incineration

2.8.3. Mechanical Recycling

2.8.4. Chemical Recycling to Monomers

Review Questions

Further Reading

Chapter 3. Measuring and Controlling Environmental Performance

3.1. The Importance of Measurement

3.1.1. Lactic Acid Production

3.1.2. Safer Gasoline

3.2. Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment

3.2.1. Four Stages of LCA

3.2.2. Carbon Footprinting

3.3. Green Process Metrics

3.4. Environmental Management Systems (EMS)

3.4.1. ISO 14001

3.4.2. The European Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS)

3.5. Eco-Labels

3.6. Legislation

3.6.1. Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC)

3.6.2. Reach

Review Questions

Further Reading

Chapter 4. Catalysis and Green Chemistry

4.1. Introduction to Catalysis

4.1.1. Comparison of Catalyst Types

4.2. Heterogeneous Catalysts

4.2.1. Basics of Heterogeneous Catalysis

4.2.2. Zeolites and the Bulk Chemical Industry

4.2.3. Heterogeneous Catalysis in the Fine Chemical and Pharmaceutical Industries

4.2.4. Catalytic Converters

4.3. Homogeneous Catalysts

4.3.1. Transition Metal Catalysts with Phosphine or Carbonyl Ligands

4.3.2. Greener Lewis Acids

4.3.3. Asymmetric Catalysis

4.4. Phase Transfer Catalysis

4.4.1. Hazard Reduction

4.4.2. C-C Bond Formation

4.4.3. Oxidation using Hydrogen Peroxide

4.5. Biocatalysis

4.6. Photocatalysis

4.7. Conclusions

Review Questions

Further Reading

Chapter 5. Organic Solvents: Environmentally Benign Solutions

5.1. Organic Solvents and Volatile Organic Compounds

5.2. Solvent-free Systems

5.3. Supercritical Fluids

5.3.1. Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (scCO 2 )

5.3.2. Supercritical Water

5.4. Water as a Reaction Solvent

5.4.1. Water Based Coatings

5.5. Ionic Liquids

5.5.1. Ionic Liquids as Catalysts

5.5.2. Ionic Liquids as Solvents

5.6. Fluorous Biphase Solvents

5.7. Comparing Greenness of Solvents

5.8. Conclusions

Review Questions

Further Reading

Chapter 6. Renewable Resources

6.1. Biomass as a Renewable Resource

6.2. Energy

6.2.1. Fossil Fuels

6.2.2. Energy from Biomass

6.2.3. Solar Power

6.2.4. Other Forms of Renewable Energy

6.2.5. Fuel Cells

6.3. Chemicals from Renewable Feedstocks

6.3.1. Chemicals from Fatly Acids

6.3.2. Polymers from Renewable Resources

6.3.3. Some Other Chemicals from Natural Resources

6.4. Alternative Economies

6.4.1. Syngas Economy

6.4.2. Hydrogen Economy

6.5. Biorefinery

6.6. Conclusions

Review Questions

Further Reading

Chapter 7. Emerging Greener Technologies and Alternative Energy Sources

7.1. Design for Energy Efficiency

7.2. Photochemical Reactions

7.2.1. Advantages of and Challenges Faced by Photochemical Processes

7.2.2. Examples of Photochemical Reactions

7.3. Chemistry using Microwaves

7.3.1. Microwave Heating

7.3.2. Microwave-assisted Reactions

7.4. Sonochemistry

7.4.1. Sonochemistry and Green Chemistry

7.5. Electrochemical Synthesis

7.5.1. Examples of Electrochemical Synthesis

7.6. Conclusions

Review Questions

Further Reading

Chapter 8. Designing Greener Processes

8.1. Introduction

8.2. Conventional Reactors

8.2.1. Batch Reactors

8.2.2. Continuous Reactors

8.3. Inherently Safer Design

8.3.1. Minimization

8.3.2. Simplification

8.3.3. Substitution

8.3.4. Moderation

8.3.5. Limitation

8.4. Process Intensification

8.4.1. Some PI Equipment

8.4.2. Some Example of Intensified Processes

8.5. In-process Monitoring

8.5.1. Near-infrared Spectroscopy

8.6. Process Safety

Review Questions

Further Reading

Chapter 9. Industrial Case Studies

9.1. Introduction

9.2. Methyl Methacrylate

9.3. Greening of Acetic Acid Manufacture

9.4. EPDM Rubbers

9.5. Vitamin C

9.6. Leather Manufacture

9.6.1. Tanning

9.6.2. Fatliquoring

9.7. Dyeing to be Green

9.7.1. Some Manufacturing Improvements

9.7.2. Dye Application

9.8. Polyethylene

9.8.1. Radical Process

9.8.2. Ziegler-Natta Catalysis

9.8.3. Metallocene Catalysis

9.8.4. Post Metallocene Catalysts

9.9. Eco-friendly Pesticides

9.9.1. Insecticides

9.10. Epichlorohydrin

Review Questions

Chapter 10. The Future's Green: An Integrated Approach to a Greener Chemical Industry

10.1. Society and Sustainability

10.2. Barriers & Drivers

10.3. Role of Legislation

10.4. Green Chemical Supply Strategies

10.5. Greener Energy

10.6. Conclusions

Review Questions

Further Reading

Subject Index